Algeria | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 2381741km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 40263711 |
| Population density | 16.9 / km² |
Algeria ( (listen) al-JEER-ee-ə, Arabic: الجزائر al-Jazā'ir), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean shore. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the tenth-largest country on earth, and the largest by area from the African Union and the Arab world. With an estimated population of over 44 million, it is the eighth-most populous country in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the southeast by Niger, to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and the Western Saharan territory, to the west by Morocco, and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country has a semi-arid geography, with the majority of the populace living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. This arid geography makes the country very vulnerable to climate change.Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, including early Numidians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Idrisid, Aghlabid, Rustamid, Fatimids, Zirid, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and finally, the French colonial empire. The majority of the populace is Arab-Berber, practicing Islam and using the official languages of Arabic and Berber. However, French functions as an administrative and education language in certain contexts, and Algerian Arabic is the primary spoken language. Algeria has a semi-presidential republic, with local constituencies comprising 58 provinces and 1,541 communes. Algeria is a regional and middle power. It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the biggest economies on the continent, based mostly on energy exports. Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second biggest in Africa, while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa, supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget. It is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.
Source: WikipediaUzbekistan | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 425400km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 29735700 |
| Population density | 69.9 / km² |
Uzbekistan (UK: , US: ; Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston, pronounced [ozbekiˈstɒn]), officially Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a country in Central Asia. It's surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south and Turkmenistan to the southwest. Along with Liechtenstein, it is one of only two doubly landlocked countries. As a sovereign state, Uzbekistan is a secular constitutional republic. It comprises 12 provinces (vilayats) and one autonomous republic (Republic of Karakalpakstan). The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan is Tashkent. What is Uzbekistan was in early times part of the region of Turan and Transoxiana. The first recorded settlers were Eastern Iranian nomads, called Scythians, who founded kingdoms in Khwarezm (8th--6th centuries BC), Bactria (8th--6th centuries BC), Sogdia (8th--6th centuries BC), Fergana (3rd century BC -- 6th century AD), and Margiana (3rd century BC -- 6th century AD). The area was ruled by the Parthian Empire and later, was incorporated into the Achaemenid Empire and, after a period of Macedonian Greek rule by the Sasanian Empire, before the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century. The Muslim conquest in the 7th century transformed the majority of the population, including the local ruling classes, into adherents of Islam. In this period, cities like Samarkand, Khiva and Bukhara began to grow rich from the Silk Road, and witnessed the emergence of the Islamic Golden Age of figures, such as Al-Tirmidhi Muhammad al-Bukhari, Ismail Samani, al-Biruni, and Avicenna. Central Asia as a whole, and the Khwarezmian dynasty, were decimated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. Following the Mongol Conquests, the area became increasingly dominated by peoples. The town of Shahrisabz was the birthplace of this Turco-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane (Timur), who in the 14th century established the Timurid Empire and was proclaimed the Supreme Emir of Turan with his capital in Samarkand, which became a world centre of science under the principle of Ulugh Beg, giving birth to the Timurid Renaissance. Uzbek Shaybanids in the 16th century defeated the Timurid dynasty's territories, moving the centre of electricity from Samarkand to Bukhara. The region was divided into three states: Khanate of Khiva, Khanate of Kokand and Emirate of Bukhara. Conquests by Emperor Babur towards the East led the foundation of the proto-industrialised Mughal Empire of India. It was gradually integrated into the Russian Empire with Tashkent getting Russian Turkestan's centre. In 1924, after delimitation, the constituent republic of the Soviet Union called the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was created. August 1991, it declared independence as the Republic of Uzbekistan on 31. Uzbekistan has a diverse cultural heritage due to its storied history and strategic location. Its inherent official language is Uzbek, a Turkic language written in the Latin alphabet and spoken natively by approximately 85% of the population. Russian has use as an communication language and as a language of governance. Uzbeks constitute 81% of the population, followed by Russians (5.4%), Tajiks (4.0%), Kazakhs (3.0%) and others (6.5%). While 5% of the population follow Russian Orthodox Christianity and 16% of the population follow other religions or are non-religious, muslims constitute 79% of the population. A majority of Uzbeks are Muslims. Uzbekistan is a member of the SCO, OSCE, UN and the CIS. While formally a democratic republic, by 2008 non-governmental human rights organisations defined Uzbekistan as"an authoritarian state with limited civil rights".Following the death of Islam Karimov in 2016, the next president, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, began a new course, which was described as a A Quiet Revolution and Revolution from Above. He said he planned to abolish cotton slaveryuse of child labor, and exit visas, and to introduce a tax reform and create four new economic zones and he has amnestied some political prisoners. Relations with the countries of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan drastically improved. However, the Amnesty International report on human rights in the nation for 2017/2018 clarified continued repressive measures, such as forced labour in cotton harvesting, and restrictions on the movement of'freed' prisoners.The Uzbek economy is in a slow transition into the market economy, with foreign trade policy being based on import substitution. The nation's money became convertible at market rates. Uzbekistan is a significant producer and exporter of cotton. With an ample supply of natural gas and the Soviet era's gigantic power-generation centers, Uzbekistan has been the biggest electricity producer in Central Asia. Renewable energy constitutes more than 23% of the country's energy industry, with hydroelectricity and solar energy having 21.4% and 2% respectively. As of late 2018, the republic was given a BB- rating by both Standard and Poor (S&P) and Fitch. Strengths signaled by Brookings Institution include Uzbekistan having large assets, high economic growth and low debt. By changing it accounts for sectors of the economy One of the constraints holding the republic back are low GDP something the government could influence.
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