Algeria | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 2381741km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 40263711 |
| Population density | 16.9 / km² |
Algeria ( (listen) al-JEER-ee-ə, Arabic: الجزائر al-Jazā'ir), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. The capital and most populous city is Algiers, located in the far north of the country on the Mediterranean shore. With an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the tenth-largest country on earth, and the largest by area from the African Union and the Arab world. With an estimated population of over 44 million, it is the eighth-most populous country in Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia, to the east by Libya, to the southeast by Niger, to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and the Western Saharan territory, to the west by Morocco, and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. The country has a semi-arid geography, with the majority of the populace living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. This arid geography makes the country very vulnerable to climate change.Pre-1962 Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, including early Numidians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Umayyads, Abbasids, Idrisid, Aghlabid, Rustamid, Fatimids, Zirid, Hammadids, Almoravids, Almohads, Zayyanids, Spaniards, Ottomans and finally, the French colonial empire. The majority of the populace is Arab-Berber, practicing Islam and using the official languages of Arabic and Berber. However, French functions as an administrative and education language in certain contexts, and Algerian Arabic is the primary spoken language. Algeria has a semi-presidential republic, with local constituencies comprising 58 provinces and 1,541 communes. Algeria is a regional and middle power. It has the highest human development index of all non-island African countries and one of the biggest economies on the continent, based mostly on energy exports. Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second biggest in Africa, while it has the ninth largest reserves of natural gas. Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa, supplying large amounts of natural gas to Europe. Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget. It is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC, the United Nations, and the Arab Maghreb Union, of which it is a founding member.
Source: WikipediaLuxembourg | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 2586km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 493500 |
| Population density | 190.8 / km² |
<p>Luxembourg ( (listen) LUK-səm-burg; Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg [ˈlətsəbuə̯ɕ] (listen); French: Luxembourg; German: Luxemburg), Formally the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. </p>Belgium borders it to France and north, Germany to the east, and the west to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is among the four official capitals of the European Union (together with Brussels, Frankfurt, and Strasbourg) and the seat of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU. People its culture, and languages are intertwined with its neighbours, which makes it essentially a mixture of French and German cultures, as evident by the country's three official languages and the language of Luxembourgish. The repeated invasions by Germany, especially in World War II, caused the country's powerful will for mediation between France and Germany and, among other things, led to the foundation of the European Union.With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), it is among the smallest sovereign states in Europe. In 2019, Luxembourg had a population of 626,108, which makes it among the least-populous nations in Europe, but by far the one with the highest population growth rate. Foreigners account for almost half of Luxembourg's population. As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is headed by Grand Duke Henri and is the world's sole remaining autonomous grand duchy. Luxembourg is a developed country, with an advanced economy and among the world's highest GDP (PPP) per capita. The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city.The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963, when count Siegfried obtained a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc,"little castle", and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in neighboring Trier. Their territory increased through marriage, war and vassal relations. At the end of the century, Luxembourg's counts reigned over a territory. In 1308, Henry VII became King of the Germans and later Holy Roman Emperor. Four emperors were produced by Luxembourg's House during the High Middle Ages. Into the Duchy of Luxembourg, Charles IV elevated the county in 1354. The duchy eventually became part of the Burgundian Circle and among the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands. Over time, the City and Fortress of Luxembourg, of great strategic importance situated between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg lands, was slowly built up to be among the most fortifications in Europe. After belonging to both the France of Louis XIV and the Austria of Maria Theresa, Luxembourg became part of the First French Republic and Empire under Napoleon.The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Grand Duchy, with its fortress, became an independent state under the possession of William I of the Netherlands using a garrison. In 1839, following the chaos of the Belgian Revolution, the only French-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to Belgium and the Luxembourgish-speaking part (except the Arelerland, the area around Arlon) became what is the current state of Luxembourg.Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux. The city of Luxembourg, that is the country's capital and largest city, is the seat of several agencies and institutions of the EU. Luxembourg served for the years 2013 and 2014, which was a first in the history of the country. As of 2020, Luxembourg taxpayers had access to 187 countries and territories, standing the Luxembourgish passport fifth in the world, tied with Spain and Denmark.
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