Afghanistan | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 652230km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 32738376 |
| Population density | 50.2 / km² |
Afghanistan ( (listen); Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, ab-], Dari: Afġānestān [avɣɒnesˈtɒn]), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country in South and Central Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south; Iran to the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north; and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city. The population is around 32 million, mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by Alexander the Great, Mauryas, Muslim Arabs, Mongols, British, Soviets, and by the United States with allied countries. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khaljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, and others have risen to form major empires. The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century, with Ahmad Shah Abdali being considered as the founder of the state. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. Its border with British India, the Durand Line, was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter's independence in 1947. In the First Anglo-Afghan War, the British East India Company seized control of Afghanistan briefly, but following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan, until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup Afghanistan first became a socialist state and then a Soviet protectorate. This evoked the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996 most of Afghanistan was captured by the Islamic fundamentalist group the Taliban, who ruled as a totalitarian regime for over five years. Following the 9/11 attacks, an intervention by the US and its allies forcibly removed the Taliban from power, and a new democratically-elected government was formed, but the Taliban still control a significant portion of the country. Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th largest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $72.9 billion by purchasing power parity; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking 169th out of 186 countries as of 2018.
Source: WikipediaYemen | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 527968km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 24184000 |
| Population density | 45.8 / km² |
Yemen ( (listen); Arabic: اَلْيَمَنُ, romanized: al-Yaman), sometimes spelled Yaman, officially the Republic of Yemen (Arabic: اَلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْيَمَنِيَّةُ, romanized: al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah, literally"Yemeni Republic"), is a country in the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is the second-largest Arab autonomous state in the peninsula, occupying 527,970 square kilometres (203,850 square miles). The coastline stretches for about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles). It is bordered the Red Sea to the west by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel to the south, and Oman to the east. Yemen's territory encompasses more than 200 islands, such as the Socotra islands in the Guardafui Channel. Yemen is a member of United Nations the Arab League, Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation. Yemen is characterized as a failed state with higher necessity of transformation.Yemen's constitutionally stated capital is the city of Sanaa, but the city has been under Houthi rebel control since February 2015. Yemen is among the least developed countries in the world and in 2019 the United Nations reported that Yemen is the country with the most people in need of humanitarian aid, about 24 million people out of a total of 28.5 million (2019 soda. Est), or 85% of its population.In ancient times, Yemen was the home of the Sabaeans, a trading country that flourished for over a thousand years and included parts of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. Under the rule of the Himyarite Kingdom, the area came in 275 CE. Christianity came in the fourth century. Islam spread from the seventh century and Yemenite troops were crucial in the early Islamic conquests. The administration of Yemen has been notoriously difficult. Dynasties emerged to 16th centuries from the ninth, the Rasulid dynasty being the strongest and most prosperous. The country was divided between the British and Ottoman empires. The Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was established before the creation of the Yemen Arab Republic after World War I in North Yemen in 1962. South Yemen remained a British protectorate called the Aden Protectorate when it became a state and later, an independent country. The two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah) in 1990. President Ali Abdullah Saleh was the first president of the new republic in the aftermath of the Arab Spring until his resignation in 2012. His rule has been described as a kleptocracy.Since 2011, Yemen has been in a state of political crisis starting with street protests against poverty, corruption, unemployment, and president Saleh's strategy to overthrow Yemen's constitution and eliminate the presidential term limit, in effect making him president for life. President Saleh stepped down and the powers of the presidency were transferred to Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who was formally elected president on 21 February 2012. The absence of government in this transition process exacerbated several clashes on-going in the country, such as the al-Qaeda insurgency, as well as the armed conflict of Ansar Allah militia and the forces. In September 2014, the Houthis took Sana'a with the help of the ousted president Saleh over declaring themselves the national government after a coup d'état; Saleh was shot dead by a sniper in Sana'a in December 2017. This resulted in a new civil war and a Saudi intervention aimed at restoring Hadi's government. Combatants and at least 56,000 civilians have been killed in violence in Yemen since January 2016. The conflict has led to a famine affecting 17 million people. The absence of safe drinking water, caused the destruction of the water infrastructure of the country and by aquifers, has also caused the biggest cholera outbreak in modern history , with the amount of cases. Over 2,226 people have died since the epidemic started to spread rapidly at the end of April 2017. The ongoing crisis has worsened the rights record that was already characterized by torture, extrajudicial killings, and restricted civil liberties of the country. The war (which led to the aforementioned large deaths, a famine, and a cholera outbreak) has received widespread criticism for having a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation, that some state has attained the level of a"humanitarian disaster" and some have labelled it as a genocide.
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