Afghanistan | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 652230km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 32738376 |
| Population density | 50.2 / km² |
Afghanistan ( (listen); Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān [avɣɒnisˈtɒn, ab-], Dari: Afġānestān [avɣɒnesˈtɒn]), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country in South and Central Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south; Iran to the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north; and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city. The population is around 32 million, mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns, including those by Alexander the Great, Mauryas, Muslim Arabs, Mongols, British, Soviets, and by the United States with allied countries. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khaljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, and others have risen to form major empires. The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century, with Ahmad Shah Abdali being considered as the founder of the state. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. Its border with British India, the Durand Line, was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter's independence in 1947. In the First Anglo-Afghan War, the British East India Company seized control of Afghanistan briefly, but following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan, until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup Afghanistan first became a socialist state and then a Soviet protectorate. This evoked the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996 most of Afghanistan was captured by the Islamic fundamentalist group the Taliban, who ruled as a totalitarian regime for over five years. Following the 9/11 attacks, an intervention by the US and its allies forcibly removed the Taliban from power, and a new democratically-elected government was formed, but the Taliban still control a significant portion of the country. Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th largest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $72.9 billion by purchasing power parity; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking 169th out of 186 countries as of 2018.
Source: WikipediaSierra Leone | |
|---|---|
| Land Area | 71620km² |
| Land Area + Seaarea | |
| Population | 5293327 |
| Population density | 73.9 / km² |
Sierra Leone ( (listen), also UK: , US: ), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, informally Salone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It's bordered by Liberia to the northeast to the southeast and Guinea. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate with a diverse environment ranging from savanna to rainforests, a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) and a population of 7,092,113 as of the 2015 census. The capital and largest city is Freetown. The nation is divided into five administrative regions that are subdivided into sixteen districts.Sierra Leone achieved independence from Britain on 27 April 1961, and Milton Margai became the first Prime Minister. Margai's political party was the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), under the leadership of Albert Margai, and it lost the 1967 Sierra Leone parliamentary elections to the main opposition party of the All People's Congress (APC) led by Siaka Stevens. Stevens was when he retired from politics because of poor health, a political strongman who ruled Sierra Leone from 1967 to 1985. On 19 Stevens' government declared Sierra Leone a republic and abolished the parliamentary system of Sierra Leone. President Stevens' APC party was the sole legal party in Sierra Leone. The democratic constitution of Sierra Leone was adopted by the government of President Joseph Saidu Momoh, Stevens' hand-picked successor as the rebel group Revolutionary United Front led by Foday Sankoh. On 29 April 1992, a group of Junior soldiers in the Sierra Leone Army led by Captain Valentine Strasser overthrew President Momoh, and Sierra Leone was from 1992 to 1996 during the war. When the Junta under Brigadier General Julius Maada Bio handed the presidency after his success in the 1996 election to Ahmad Tejan Kabbah of the SLPP the country returned to a government. However, the Sierra Leone military overthrew President Kabbah in a coup on 25 May 1997, and Major General Johnny Paul Koroma became the head of state of the country. A coalition of West African Ecowas armed forces reinstated President Kabbah in February 1998, after a Sierra Leone court sentenced to death them and the leaders of the coup were executed. President Kabbah announced the end of the war with the help of the United Nations, the government, the African Union, and Ecowas. Sierra Leone has had an democratic government from 1998. Ethnic groups occupy Sierra Leone, each with its own customs and language. The two most powerful and largest are the Temne and Mende people. The Temne are mostly found in the northwest and the Mende. About two percent of the population are the Krio people, who are descendants of freed American and West Indian slaves. Krio is an English-based creole, the language, although english is the official language used in schools and government administration. Krio unites all the ethnic groups in social interaction and their own trade, especially in the country. Sierra Leone is 77 percent Muslim, with an Christian minority of 22 percent. The nation is regarded as one of the most religiously tolerant nations in the world. Muslims and Christians collaborate and socialize with one another very peacefully, and violence is rare. Muslim holidays and the significant Christian are official holidays, such as Easter, Christmas, Eid al-Fitr, and Eid al-Adha. Sierra Leone has relied on mining for its base, especially. It's also one of the largest producers of bauxite and titanium and a significant producer of gold, and it's one of the world's largest deposits of rutile. The nation is home to the third-largest natural harbour in the world. 53 percent of its population lived in poverty in 2011. Sierra Leone is a member of many international organisations, such as the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Mano River Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Development Bank, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
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